The wheel arrangement 4-2-0 designates a steam locomotive in which there is a leading, two-axle bogie and a driving axle. It must be distinguished from the Crampton type with fixed carrying axles, i.e. the UIC wheel arrangement 2A or 3A instead of 2'A. In different countries, this wheel arrangement is referred to as follows:
JervisUIC2'AWhyte4-2-0Switzerland1/3France210Turkey13
KFNB “Ganymed” with firebox overhanging to the rear
In the early days of the railway, a large proportion of the locomotives had a 2-2-0 wheel arrangement, which satisfied the traction requirements of the time. While the tracks in England were laid carefully and the terrain was often cut or filled up to compensate for differences in height, in North America the tracks were simply laid onto the existing ground level for reasons of cost. This led to frequent changes to the gradient of the route, for which the existing locomotives had too rigid an undercarriage.
The solution was to replace the carrying axle with a movable bogie that could adapt to the inclines and curves. The first locomotive with this arrangement was the “Brother Jonathan”, which John B. Jervis had developed for the Mohawk & Hudson. This also led to the name “Jervis” used in North America for this type of locomotive. One of the two variants of this wheel arrangement had the driving axle behind the firebox and was mainly built by Baldwin. It was characterized by a very smooth running, but had a low adhesive weight, since more weight was on the bogie. Norris' preferred variant had the firebox located behind the driving axle, which increased the load on the driving axle but resulted in less smooth running.
It was in the USA in particular, where this design was created, that it gained the greatest popularity and was built in large numbers from the 1830s to the 1850s. Many locomotives with the wheel arrangement 0-4-0 were even subsequently converted to 4-2-0, since the running behavior was more important than the adhesive weight at the time. They were later replaced by engines with a 4-4-0 wheel arrangement, since a second coupled axle had become necessary. Some locomotives with a 4-2-0 wheel arrangement were also used in Europe, but disappeared again in the 1840s. In Great Britain they were soon replaced by similar locomotives with three fixed axles, from which the Crampton type developed.
In 1846, the KFNB had six 4-2-0 machines manufactured by Günther in Wiener Neustadt, which were basically similar to the Norris locomotives from the USA. They were lighter than other machines previously made by European manufacturers. They were given the names “Adonis”, “Jason”, “Deucalion”, “Phaeton”, “Endymion” and “Ganymed”.
The “Jason” fell victim to a boiler explosion in 1848. The technical data given refer to the state after the boilers had been replaced on the other five locomotives between 1853 and 1865. After the “Adonis” had been retired in 1862, all others were retired in 1866.
General |
Built | 1846 |
Manufacturer | Wiener Neustadt |
Axle config | 4-2-0 (Jervis) |
Gauge | 4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge) |
Dimensions and Weights |
Length loco | 22 ft 8 1/4 in |
Wheelbase | 10 ft 10 15/16 in |
Service weight | 38,801 lbs |
Fuel capacity | coal |
Boiler |
Firebox area | 74.3 sq ft |
Tube heating area | 710.4 sq ft |
Evaporative heating area | 784.7 sq ft |
Total heating area | 784.7 sq ft |
Power Plant |
Driver diameter | 49.8 in |
Boiler pressure | 94 psi |
Expansion type | simple |
Cylinders | two, 14 1/2 x 21 3/4 in |
Power |
Power source | steam |
Estimated power | 134 hp (100 kW) |
Optimal speed | 12 mph |
Starting effort | 7,402 lbf |
Calculated Values |
Power-to-weight ratio | 0.0035 hp/lb |
Heating Area Equivalent | 1,156 sq ft |
Cylinder volume/HAE | 1 : 1101.27 |
Tractive force/Heating area | 1 : 2120.63 |
Firebox/Tube area | 1 : 9.57 |
The inventor Seth Boyden, who had already made a name for himself in the field of leather and metalworking, also got into locomotive construction in 1837. The first of the two locomotives he built was the Orange, destined for the Morris & Essex Railroad. It was the first locomotive ever to be built in the state of New Jersey.
It had a 4-2-0 wheel arrangement with a leading bogie and a firebox in front of the driving axle. Boyden designed the very simple controls with a special reversing device. For the first time in history, the cylinders were mounted directly on the outside of the frame below the smoke box, which later became standard on almost all American steam locomotives. They had an exceptionally long stroke, almost three times the diameter.
The engine was first tested on August 1, 1837 and went into commercial operation on September 23. Without counterweights, the running smoothness probably left a lot to be desired due to the large masses going back and forth. Nevertheless, the engine was considered a success and was in use for a number of years.
General |
Built | 1837 |
Manufacturer | Seth Boyden |
Axle config | 4-2-0 (Jervis) |
Gauge | 4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge) |
Dimensions and Weights |
Service weight | 14,000 lbs |
Fuel capacity | wood |
Power Plant |
Driver diameter | 53.5 in |
Expansion type | simple |
Cylinders | two, 8 1/4 x 26 in |
Power |
Power source | steam |
Estimated power | 20 hp (15 kW) |
Calculated Values |
Power-to-weight ratio | 0.0014 hp/lb |
When the k.k. Nördliche Staatsbahn (Northern State Railway) received its first six locomotives in 1842, they were at the same time the first locomotives built at the Wiener Neustadt factory. As this railway had mostly flat lines in today's Czechia, the 4-2-0 locomotives from Norris were used as a model. They were named “Sedletz”, “Florenz”, “Plass”, “Carolinenthal”, “Hohenstadt” and “Hohenmauth”.
In his first years, manufacturer Wenzel Günther wasn't able to make all parts in his own shops. So the complete boiler was made by Seßler of Krieglach, while other parts had to be cast by other firms. In 1855, when the NStB came to the StEG, they got the numbers 2 to 7. It didn't take long for these locomotives to become too weak with around 80 hp. Additionally, the frame was to weak to support a more powerful boiler and larger cylinders. So they were retired between 1860 and 1864.
General |
Built | 1842 |
Manufacturer | Wiener Neustadt |
Axle config | 4-2-0 (Jervis) |
Gauge | 4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge) |
Dimensions and Weights |
Wheelbase | 9 ft 10 1/2 in |
Rigid wheelbase | 3 ft 6 1/2 in |
Empty weight | 26,455 lbs |
Service weight | 29,762 lbs |
Adhesive weight | 17,637 lbs |
Axle load | 17,637 lbs |
Fuel capacity | coal |
Boiler |
Grate area | 8.6 sq ft |
Firebox area | 45.2 sq ft |
Tube heating area | 455.3 sq ft |
Evaporative heating area | 500.5 sq ft |
Total heating area | 500.5 sq ft |
Power Plant |
Driver diameter | 60.2 in |
Boiler pressure | 80 psi |
Expansion type | simple |
Cylinders | two, 12 7/16 x 18 1/8 in |
Power |
Power source | steam |
Estimated power | 80 hp (60 kW) |
Optimal speed | 16 mph |
Starting effort | 3,168 lbf |
Calculated Values |
Factor of adhesion | 1 : 5.57 |
Power-to-weight ratio | 0.0027 hp/lb |
Heating Area Equivalent | 726.6 sq ft |
Cylinder volume/HAE | 1 : 1071.25 |
Adhesive weight/Total | 1 : 1.69 |
Tractive force/Heating area | 1 : 1422.90 |
Grate area/Heating area | 1 : 52.88 |
Firebox/Tube area | 1 : 10.07 |
With the founding of the Vienna-Raaber Eisenbahn, a locomotive was initially required that could be used for the construction of the line and for further tests. Georg Simon Sina von Hodos saw the simply built machines from Norris from the USA as ideal for this and therefore had one of these locomotives bought used. With the outside cylinders, which did not require a cranked axle, it was hoped that maintenance would be easier.
The locomotive arrived in Vienna in April 1838 and was named “Philadelphia” after its origin. Although it was used as planned during the construction work, when the line opened it was too weak to carry passenger trains.
Now that more powerful locomotives had been procured from England, the “Philadelphia” continued to be used for other tasks. In 1853 it came to the Southern State Railway and was retired in 1857.
General |
Built | 1837 |
Manufacturer | William Norris |
Axle config | 4-2-0 (Jervis) |
Gauge | 4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge) |
Dimensions and Weights |
Service weight | 26,676 lbs |
Adhesive weight | 16,755 lbs |
Axle load | 16,755 lbs |
Fuel capacity | coal |
Boiler |
Tube heating area | 376.7 sq ft |
Power Plant |
Driver diameter | 48 in |
Boiler pressure | 71 psi |
Expansion type | simple |
Cylinders | two, 10 9/16 x 16 3/8 in |
Power |
Power source | steam |
Indicated power | 32 hp (24 kW) |
Optimal speed | 9 mph |
Starting effort | 2,296 lbf |
Calculated Values |
Factor of adhesion | 1 : 7.30 |
Power-to-weight ratio | 0.0012 hp/lb |
Adhesive weight/Total | 1 : 1.59 |