The class XIV was procured by the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways from 1866 as a simply designed locomotive for slower passenger trains and possibly also for freight trains. In the new scheme of 1868 it was given the designation IV a. It is characterized by the fact that all engines built were later converted to tank locomotives. 

The original model had only two driving axles and a two-axle tender. The coupled wheels were fixed to an outer frame with outside cylinders. However, only the connecting and coupling rods were on the outside, while the valve gear was on the inside.

Rebuilt as tank engine

Because the entire weight of the locomotive was carried on the coupled wheels, it had a high tractive effort and was also used to pull freight trains. Trains weighing more than 1,000 tons could be moved at 45 km/h on almost level routes. By 1868, 46 examples had been produced in three batches, which were manufactured by the Karlsruhe and Grafenstaden factories.

When significantly faster and more powerful tender locomotives became available in 1880, conversion of all engines to tank locomotives began. The driver's cab was now closed all around and got a coal bunker on the back. Due to the resulting greatly increased overhang, a fixed trailing axle was installed, which means that the locomotives now had a 0-4-2 wheel arrangement. The water tanks were now on the side of the boiler, the latter also being new.

These conversions increased the service weight from 27 to 41.2 tonnes and by increasing the boiler pressure from 116 to 131 psi, the performance could also be improved. Despite the trailing axle, there was still a large overhang, which meant that weight transfer was still a problem and would repeatedly lead to derailments. Thus, the retirement took place around 1900, when the conversion of the last machines was only 14 years ago.

The first five locomotives delivered to the Baltimore & Ohio were not successful since they were too small. Nevertheless the B&O bought the patents of these locomotives and gave Phineas Davis the task to develop a heavier locomotive that could haul 150 tons with 15 mph. He was assisted by Ross Winans. The result was the “Atlantic” built in 1832 that used many design features of the “Tom Thumb”.

The “Atlantic” had a vertical boiler with a fan to increase the draft. The cylinders were also vertical and worked over levers onto a crank axle. These levers led to the nickname “Grasshopper” for this type of locomotive. The crank axle was connected to the two driving axles via spur and pinion, so the drivers turned twice as fast as the crank axle.

This locomotive is considered the first commercially successful one built in the USA. 20 more were built after the same plans. Although the original Grasshoppers had been scrapped, their second generation was used as shop switchers until the 1890s. One of these, No. 7 “Andrew Jackson” was rebuilt to look like the “Atlantic” and used for public demonstrations, for example at the “Fair of the Iron Horse” in 1927.

The “John Bull” was a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson & Co. in England and was among the first to be used in the United States. It was built in 1831, initially as a 0-4-0 and was shipped disassembled to New Jersey. There it was reassembled by the Camden & Amboy and christened “John Bull”, which was a personification of England. Since only horses were used in the construction of the railroad, the locomotive was not used until 1833, after it opened.

It initially had no cab and the tender was a home-made design that used a whiskey barrel as a water tank. After it derailed several times on the cheaper laid American tracks, a leading axle including a cow catcher was added, which gave it its well-known, distinctive appearance. The coupling rods were removed, meaning only the last axle was powered. Later it received a real tender and then a cab.

Drawing of the original appearance with two cars

Railway and Locomotive Engineering, March 1891

This nickname was soon officially adopted, so the name “Stevens” fell out of use. Its active service with the Camden & Amboy lasted until 1866. After the PRR purchased the C&A in 1871, it was restored and used for various public demonstrations. It came into the possession of the Smithsonian in 1884 and was not moved for a long time. After the PRR had a working replica built in 1939, the original was moved again under its own power in 1981 for its 150th birthday, making it the oldest operational locomotive in the world.

No. 1 "The Princess" as built with side tanks

Festiniog Railway archivees

In 1863 and 1864 the Ffestiniog Railway received four small tank locomotives with an additional tender from George England. Up until this point, the line had been operated downhill by gravity and uphill by horses. Although initially locomotives were to be built with three driving axles, a design with only two driving axles was finally chosen. These initially had side tanks and later received a saddle tank. To distinguish them from the locomotives delivered by the same manufacturer in 1867, these are referred to as the “Small England Class”. Of these four locomotives, three are still preserved today, two of which are operational. A replica of the “Mountaineer” scrapped in 1879 is being built since 2020.

The first four locomotives of the Furness Railway were four 0-4-0, of which No. 3 “Old Coppernob” is the most well-known and the only one that survived to this day. Today it is also the only surviving locomotive with a Bury bar frame. Numbers 1 and 2 were delivered by Bury, Curtis and Kennedy in 1844 and had a boiler with a pressure of 80 psi and cylinders with a diameter of 13 inches. Numbers 3 and 4 followed in 1846 and had not only a pressure of 110 psi, but also a cylinder diameter of 14 inches. With a heating area of 940 square feet, the boiler was larger than that of most contemporary standard gauge locomotives.

“Old Coppernob” in Barrow on an old postcard

In 1870, they were replaced by new passenger locomotives. Numbers 1 and 2 were withdrawn only a short time later. 3 and 4 continued to be used as shunters at the Barrow docks and were only withdrawn in 1898. Since No. 3 was the locomotive that hauled the first passenger train of the Furness Railway, it was preserved. It has been operational for the last time in the nineties and still carries its original Indian Red livery and copper-covered firebox. Due to its appearance, it is world-famous under the name “Old Coppernob”. Today, it can be found in the National Railway Museum at York.

In 1826, the Mohwak & Hudson Railroad was founded to construct a rail line between Schenectady and Albany as a faster alternative to compete with the Erie Canal. For the route to be opened in 1831, a locomotive was manufactured at the West Point Foundry, which should take over the operation with passenger cars converted from horse carriages. As an affront to Governor DeWitt Clinton, who was always on the side of the canal, the locomotive was named after him.

In contrast to the Grasshoppers built at the same time, the “DeWitt Clinton” already had a horizontal boiler barrel, a steam dome and a smokebox with a chimney at the front end of the boiler. It also already had an attached tender for storing supplies.

With the coal from the Lackawanna area originally used in the first test runs, no sufficient range could be achieved, and so the coal was soon replaced by coke. Using the new fuel, the 16-mile distance was covered at an average of between 25 and 27 mph. Up to 18 passengers could be transported in each of the three cars.

The replica in the Henry Ford Museum

Dsdugan

The original locomotive was scrapped after only two years of service and replaced with newer models. Nevertheless, it laid the foundation for the fact that the canal lost importance from the 1860s. In 1893, the New York Central as the successor to the Mohawk & Hudson made a working replica, which was shown at the Chicago World's Fair that same year. It was in regular service into the 1950s and has since been in the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.

The G 1 was the first locomotive built directly for the Grand Ducal Oldenburg State Railways. Despite the “G” in the designation, they were designed as a universal locomotives for all train types. Also worth mentioning is the fact that the first engine “Landwuehrden” was also the first engine manufactured by the Munich locomotive manufacturer Krauss. This locomotive took part in the world exhibition in Paris in 1867 and was awarded a gold medal there.

The locomotives had two coupled axles and no carrying axles. With a diameter of 1,500 mm, the coupled wheels were large enough to also be used in front of passenger trains. There are different statements in the literature regarding the speeds that could be achieved, ranging from 45 to 50 to 60 km/h. In order to be able to use the engines without a tender depending on the occasion, the frame was designed as a water box. Thus, if the fuel was carried in the cab, shorter distances could also be covered as a tank locomotive. 

Up until around 1875, only peat was used as the fuel for all locomotives in Oldenburg in order to make the company independent of importing hard coal from outside its own country. Due to the lower calorific value of the peat, about twice the amount of fuel was required, which made it necessary to design the tender differently. As with the locomotive itself, the frame in the tender was used as a water tank in order to get more space for the peat in the body. In addition, the walls were about the same height as the cab. To protect the fuel from rain, there was a roof that had hatches for filling. The capacity of the tenders was around 3.5 to 4 cubic meters of water and 4.3 tonnes of peat. After the conversion to coal firing in the late 1870s, the tender's body was made lower. Some locomotives received completely new tenders with 10 cubic meters of water.

From around 1900, the engines were phased out, since more powerful ones were already available. The first example was taken to the German Museum in Munich with a mileage of 860,000 km due to its importance. The rest were decommissioned by 1925, so that the planned re-numbering of 19 of the 46 engines originally built as class 51⁷⁰ did not occur.

The engines later designated as class G 1 were light tender locomotives for freight service. They were ordered by the Prussian Ostbahn, as they had extensive branch lines on which the range of tank locomotives would not have been sufficient. These were locomotives with two coupled axles and no carrying axles, which were powered by a two-cylinder saturated engine.

The first production lot consisted of 44 examples and was delivered between 1878 and 1879. Later, under the administration of the state railways, a further need for these locomotives was identified. Therefore, a second series of 49 engines was purchased, which lasted from 1887 to 1898. The newer locos were a little lighter than the original ones, but could still produce the same power. This was achieved by increasing the boiler pressure from 10 to 12 bars and installing cylinders with a smaller diameter but slightly longer piston stroke.

From 1905 the locomotives were given the designation G 1 in order to be able to classify them into a specific type according to their purpose. Until then, the locomotives of the Ostbahn were only provided with numbers, the range of which gave little information about the type. The decommissioning then finally took place at the beginning of the twenties.

Since the Philadelphia & Reading had access to anthracite culm as cheap fuel, switchers were also built as Camelbacks with Wootten fireboxes. This included the class A-4, which had a 0-4-0 wheel arrangement and was built a total of 19 times in 1902 and 1903. They were modernized between 1905 and 1907 with higher boiler pressure and a larger tender.

Only number 1187 has survived, which was sold to the E&G Brooke Iron Company in 1946 and was in use there until 1962. It was now purchased by the Strasburg Railroad and was used there on short runs in front of passenger trains. However, since the locomotive did not produce enough steam for line service, it was retired in 1967. In 2020 it was purchased by the Age of Steam Roundhouse and is being cosmetically restored there.

On the Royal Saxon State Railways, class VII referred to four-coupled tender locomotives which were suitable for both passenger and freight trains. In addition to 22 locomotives from Sächsische Maschinenfabrik Hartmann, there was a design by Schwartzkopff from Berlin, which was also known as Schw. VII. At the time these locomotives were ordered, the Saxon State Railways were still divided into a western and an eastern part. In this case, the Western State Railway needed a new locomotive for the newly opened section between Freiberg and Flöha on the Dresden-Werdau route.

They were constructed according to modern principles and had an inside plate frame, outside cylinders and Allan valve gear. Since only a regulator attachment was used to extract the saturated steam instead of a steam dome, the locomotive made a clean impression with its little obstructed boiler. Only the Belpaire firebox interrupted the clear lines of the boiler barrel. 

Ten machines were procured, which were named after people with important connections to Saxony, Saxon noble families and cities. They were taken over by the combined Saxon State Railways in 1871 and only received the designation VII there. They were retired between 1893 and 1906.