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Tender Locomotives 2-10-2 “Santa Fé”[Inhalt]
UIC Classification 1'E1'
China Railway class QJ
China | 1956
4,717 produced
QJ 7105 on the JiTong railway
QJ 7105 on the JiTong railway
Sammy King

Between 1956 and 1960, various factories in China manufactured a total of 42 prototypes of a new 2-10-2 freight locomotive, which was based on the Soviet ОР21. From 1964 onwards, series production of a total of 4,675 additional machines, which were soon referred to as QJ, began in Datong. The abbreviation here stood for “Qianjin”, which means “progress”.

They replaced the JF and FD in heavy freight service and also pulled heavy passenger trains. In addition to the stoker and mostly smoke deflectors, their features also included the distinctive air horn. Some QJs were also built in Soviet broad gauge. A chimney similar to the Giesl ejector was tested on other machines.

Although production continued until 1988, replacement with diesel locomotives began in the eighties. After steam operations on the Chinese State Railways officially ended in 2002, the last of them disappeared from the main lines in 2003. However, the private JiTong Railway used the QJ to transport coal on its 945 km long line in Inner Mongolia until 2005 and it was also used by industrial companies until around 2010. Three QJs later found their way to the USA.

Variantfour-axle tendersix-axle tender
General
Built1956-1988
ManufacturerDatong
Axle config2-10-2 (Santa Fé) 
Gauge4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge)
Dimensions and Weights
Length85 ft 4 in95 ft 10 in
Length loco52 ft 11 7/16 in
Wheelbase50 ft 5 1/8 in
Rigid wheelbase20 ft 11 15/16 in
Total wheelbase86 ft 1 7/8 in
Service weight293,876 lbs
Adhesive weight233,690 lbs
Total weight485,016 lbs557,769 lbs
Axle load46,738 lbs
Water capacity10,435 us gal13,209 us gal
Fuel capacitycoal
Boiler
Grate area73.2 sq ft
Firebox area349.8 sq ft
Tube heating area2,398.2 sq ft
Evaporative heating area2,748 sq ft
Superheater area1,551.1 sq ft
Total heating area4,299.1 sq ft
Variantfour-axle tendersix-axle tender
Power Plant
Driver diameter59.1 in
Boiler pressure213 psi
Expansion typesimple
Cylinderstwo, 25 9/16 x 31 1/2 in
Power
Power sourcesteam
Indicated power2,940 hp (2,192 kW)
Optimal speed30 mph
Top speed50 mph
Starting effort63,296 lbf
Calculated Values
steam locomotive
freight
last changed: 01/2024
German Reichsbahn class 45
Germany | 1936
28 produced
45 019 in service with the Deutsche Bundesbahn
45 019 in service with the Deutsche Bundesbahn

In the 1930s, the Reichsbahn had the goal of significantly accelerating freight traffic. The class 45 with a 2-10-2 wheel arrangement was developed as the most powerful freight locomotive among the standard locomotives in order to complete the classes 41 and 44 upwards. The requirements stipulated that 1,200 tonnes could be towed at 80 km/h on the flat and 1,000 tonnes at 60 km/h on a gradient of 0.5 percent. In addition, despite its many axles, the locomotive should also be able to negotiate the smallest curve radii, which was made possible by means of laterally shiftable axles and Krauss-Helmholz bogies

In November 1936 and June 1937 a pre-production example was procured, but it was not until 1940 and 1941 that the 26 production locomotives with the numbers 45 003 to 45 028 were delivered, which were somewhat more powerful. They proved their high power right from the start and were not only used in express freight services, but also competed with the actual express locomotives such as the class 01 in express service.

Die Lokomotive, May 1939

Although they could not reach the same top speed, they were able to maintain a high speed with an indicated continuous output of around 3,000 hp (or 2,800 hp for the two pre-production machines) even on long inclines with a heavy express train. In the event of a brief overload, it was even possible to calculate performance in the range of 3,500 hp. In addition, express train locomotives often reached the limits of traction, which happened much less frequently with the five coupled axles of the 45. Finally, the class 01 and 03 locomotives with only two cylinders developed a rough running behavior under full steam, while the 45 with three cylinders ran much more smoothly. In addition, the axle load could be changed between 18 and 20 tonnes depending on the required adhesive weight and capacity of the lines traveled. To do this, only a few bolts on the chassis had to be repositioned, which changed the load on the carrying axles

However, the inadequacies of the then widespread steel alloy St 47 K as a material for the boiler soon became apparent. As a result, the pressure soon had to be reduced from the targeted 20 to 16 bars. In addition, the long smoke tubes of the largest standard locomotives soon caused problems due to excessive tension. After all, such a powerful locomotive required a lot of coal, which is why two firemen always had to be used due to the lack of equipment for automatic stoking. Ultimately, plans for the procurement of about 100 more units were dropped, since the war was already raging and the less powerful but much cheaper war locomotives were preferred. In addition, the maintenance of a rail network meant too much effort for the high axle load of 20 tonnes in these times.

After the war, only one example remained with the Reichsbahn, which was tested with a forced circulation boiler, condensation tender and pulverized coal firing without success. In contrast, the machines that were refurbished by the Bundesbahn received new, welded boilers and some had a stoker, so they remained in use for a longer period of time. When they were given computer numbers in 1968, there were still three that were used as brake locomotives.

Variantas builtreduced boiler pressurenew boiler
General
Built1936-1941
ManufacturerHenschel
Axle config2-10-2 (Santa Fé) 
Gauge4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge)
Dimensions and Weights
Length84 ft 1 5/8 in
Wheelbase44 ft 7 7/16 in
Rigid wheelbase18 ft 2 1/2 in
Empty weight252,870 lbs247,579 lbs
Service weight279,325 lbs276,680 lbs
Adhesive weight214,289 lbs
Total weight457,900 lbs436,956 lbs
Axle load43,431 lbs40,124 lbs43,431 lbs
Water capacity10,039 us gal7,661 us gal
Fuel capacity22,046 lbs (coal)26,455 lbs (coal)
Boiler
Grate area51.7 sq ft48.1 sq ft
Firebox area201.3 sq ft249.7 sq ft
Tube heating area3,201.2 sq ft2,645.8 sq ft
Evaporative heating area3,402.5 sq ft2,895.5 sq ft
Superheater area1,298.1 sq ft1,291.7 sq ft
Total heating area4,700.6 sq ft4,187.2 sq ft
Variantas builtreduced boiler pressurenew boiler
Power Plant
Driver diameter63 in
Boiler pressure290 psi232 psi
Expansion typesimple
Cylindersthree, 20 1/2 x 28 3/8 in
Power
Power sourcesteam
Indicated power2,761 hp (2,059 kW)2,978 hp (2,221 kW)
Optimal speed25 mph32 mph34 mph
Top speed56 mph
Starting effort69,757 lbf55,810 lbf
Calculated Values
steam locomotive
freight
last changed: 01/2022
Hocking Valley class F-1
Chesapeake & Ohio class B-1
United States | 1919
16 produced
No. 2954 in May 1939 at Potomac Yard, Virginia
No. 2954 in May 1939 at Potomac Yard, Virginia
Bruce D. Fales / collection Taylor Rush

In 1920, the Hocking Valley Railroad received 16 freight locomotives from the Lehigh Valley with a 2-10-2 wheel arrangement, which, with a driver diameter of 63 inches, were too slow for their requirements. The new operator gave the almost new locomotives the class designation F-1. A few years later, six went to the Pere Marquette. The Hocking Valley was taken over by the Chesapeake & Ohio in 1930 and those ten remaining locomotives got the class designation B-1, that had been carried by two Forneys until 1913. They got bigger tenders in 1940 and were used until 1952.

Variantas builtlarger tender
General
Built19191940
ManufacturerBaldwin
Axle config2-10-2 (Santa Fé) 
Gauge4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge)
Dimensions and Weights
Service weight374,100 lbs
Adhesive weight293,560 lbs
Total weight598,200 lbs679,100 lbs
Axle load61,520 lbs
Water capacity12,000 us gal16,000 us gal
Fuel capacity35,000 lbs (coal)45,000 lbs (coal)
Boiler
Grate area100 sq ft
Firebox area408 sq ft
Tube heating area4,379 sq ft
Evaporative heating area4,787 sq ft
Superheater area1,179 sq ft
Total heating area5,966 sq ft
Variantas builtlarger tender
Power Plant
Driver diameter63 in
Boiler pressure205 psi
Expansion typesimple
Cylinderstwo, 29 x 32 in
Power
Power sourcesteam
Estimated power4,000 hp (2,983 kW)
Optimal speed34 mph
Starting effort74,435 lbf
Calculated Values
steam locomotive
freight
last changed: 08/2023
Santa Fe classes 900 and 1600
United States | 1903
159 produced
No. 1628 with simple cylinders
No. 1628 with simple cylinders
LaMar M. Kelley / collection Taylor Rush

On the Raton Pass between Colorado and New Mexico, the ATSF used pusher locomotives with a 2-10-0 wheel arrangement. Since there was no way to turn the locomotives on the summit, they had to run backwards down the mountain. In order to improve reverse running characteristics, some 2-10-0 locomotives with an additional trailing axle were ordered from Baldwin. This led to the Class 900 with the new 2-10-2 wheel arrangement, now known as the “Santa Fé”.

Propulsion was by four compound-acting cylinders arranged in tandem. The high-pressure cylinders were each directly in front of the low-pressure cylinders and worked together with them on the third coupled axle. To service the low-pressure cylinders, the high-pressure cylinders could be removed with an onboard crane. The third coupled axle was also the only one that didn't have wheel flanges

Original variant as tandem compound
Original variant as tandem compound

The axle load of the first two driving axles and the leading axle was balanced with each other by means of a equalizing beam, as was the axle load of the rear three coupled axles and the trailing axle. Some locomotives received a special form of firebox developed by Henry W. Jacobs and Frank W. Shupert of Frisco Lines. This used perforated plates instead of staybolts and had advantages in terms of maintenance, but was not able to establish itself.

A total of 85 units of the class 900 were built. The first 40 of these were destined for Raton Pass and were coal fired. The rest were used on the line between Albuquerque and Arizona and were oil-fired. From 1905, 76 class 1600 locomotives were built, which were essentially identical to the class 900. However, since the frame had broken on this one, the frame was reinforced here, which increased the adhesive weight. However, different data for both classes could not be found.

From 1916 the locomotives of both classes were rebuilt, after which they were identical again. The boilers were equipped with a superheater and arch tubes in the boiler. Since the tandem engine required too much maintenance, it was replaced by a two-cylinder engine with simple expansion. Only the high-pressure cylinders were removed and the low-pressure cylinders enlarged.

Variantcoaloilsuperheated
General
Built1903-19041905-19071916
ManufacturerBaldwinSanta Fé
Axle config2-10-2 (Santa Fé) 
Gauge4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge)
Dimensions and Weights
Wheelbase35 ft 11 in
Rigid wheelbase19 ft 9 in
Total wheelbase66 ft
Service weight287,240 lbs302,490 lbs
Adhesive weight234,580 lbs251,250 lbs
Total weight450,000 lbs445,740 lbs481,490 lbs
Axle load53,060 lbs55,810 lbs
Water capacity8,500 us gal7,000 us gal
Fuel capacity20,000 lbs (coal)3,300 us gal (oil)28,000 lbs (coal)
Boiler
Grate area58.5 sq ft
Firebox area210 sq ft223 sq ft
Tube heating area4,586 sq ft3,832.1 sq ft
Evaporative heating area4,796 sq ft4,055 sq ft
Superheater area1,008 sq ft
Total heating area4,796 sq ft5,063 sq ft
Variantcoaloilsuperheated
Power Plant
Driver diameter57 in
Boiler pressure225 psi200 psi
Expansion typecompoundsimple
Cylindersfour, HP: 19 x 32 in
and LP: 32 x 32 in
two, 28 x 32 in
Power
Power sourcesteam
Estimated power2,300 hp (1,715 kW)2,500 hp (1,864 kW)
Optimal speed26 mph21 mph
Starting effort57,314 lbf74,824 lbf
with start valve68,777 lbf
Calculated Values
steam locomotive
freight
tandem compound
last changed: 05/2023
US Railroad Administration Light Santa Fé
Southern Railway (USA) class Ss-1, Seaboard Air Line class B-1, Boston & Albany class Z-1, Duluth, Missabe & Northern class E-1 and Ann Arbor class L
United States | 1918
94 produced
Southern Railway Ss-1 No. 5200
Southern Railway Ss-1 No. 5200

The USRA Light Santa Fe was produced in smaller numbers than its heavy sister. Compared to this, it had drivers which were six inches smaller and a cylinder diameter that was three inches smaller. It shared the firebox design and the number of boiler tubes with the 2-6-6-2 Mallet, but the combustion chamber and the tubes were shorter.

Of 94 Light Santa Fes built, 75 came from ALCO and 19 from Baldwin. The biggest operator was the Southern, which used 50 of them as class Ss-1. The Seaboard Air Line got 15, the Boston & Albany and Duluth, Missabe & Northern got ten each, the Chicago & Western Indiana five and the Ann Arbor four.

General
Built1918-1919
ManufacturerALCO, Baldwin
Axle config2-10-2 (Santa Fé) 
Gauge4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge)
Dimensions and Weights
Length loco52 ft 10 in
Wheelbase40 ft 4 in
Rigid wheelbase21 ft
Total wheelbase75 ft 11 1/2 in
Service weight352,000 lbs
Adhesive weight274,000 lbs
Total weight540,300 lbs
Axle load60,000 lbs
Water capacity10,000 us gal
Fuel capacity32,000 lbs (coal)
Boiler
Grate area76.3 sq ft
Firebox area373 sq ft
Tube heating area4,293 sq ft
Evaporative heating area4,666 sq ft
Superheater area1,085 sq ft
Total heating area5,751 sq ft
Power Plant
Driver diameter57 in
Boiler pressure200 psi
Expansion typesimple
Cylinderstwo, 27 x 32 in
Power
Power sourcesteam
Estimated power3,400 hp (2,535 kW)
Optimal speed31 mph
Starting effort69,575 lbf
Calculated Values
steam locomotive
freight
last changed: 05/2024
US Railroad Administration Heavy Santa Fé
United States | 1918
175 produced
Pennsylvania Rairoad N2sa No. 8110 in 1933 in Columbus, Ohio
Pennsylvania Rairoad N2sa No. 8110 in 1933 in Columbus, Ohio
collection Taylor Rush
Schematic drawing with dimensions
Schematic drawing with dimensions
1922 Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice

The USRA standard model for heavy, slow coal trains was the Heavy Santa Fé. ALCO-Brooks delivered 135 and Baldwin 40 more. By far the largest number were the 130 members of the Pennsylvania Railroad's class N2s. The locomotives were generally considered a successful design that fulfilled their tasks satisfactorily. As early as 1923, the PRR rebuilt them with new boilers with Belpaire fireboxes and renamed them class N2sa. A fundamental problem with the Heavy Santa Fé was the very long frame, which was not cast in one piece. This warped over time, leading to increased maintenance costs.

General
Built1918-1919
ManufacturerALCO, Baldwin
Axle config2-10-2 (Santa Fé) 
Gauge4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge)
Dimensions and Weights
Length loco55 ft 3 7/8 in
Wheelbase42 ft 2 in
Rigid wheelbase22 ft 4 in
Total wheelbase82 ft 10 1/2 in
Service weight380,000 lbs
Adhesive weight293,000 lbs
Total weight586,100 lbs
Axle load58,600 lbs
Water capacity12,000 us gal
Fuel capacity32,000 lbs (coal)
Boiler
Grate area83.2 sq ft
Firebox area429 sq ft
Tube heating area4,727 sq ft
Evaporative heating area5,156 sq ft
Superheater area1,230 sq ft
Total heating area6,386 sq ft
Power Plant
Driver diameter63 in
Boiler pressure190 psi
Expansion typesimple
Cylinderstwo, 30 x 32 in
Power
Power sourcesteam
Estimated power3,600 hp (2,685 kW)
Optimal speed31 mph
Top speed35 mph
Starting effort73,829 lbf
Calculated Values
steam locomotive
freight
last changed: 11/2023
Southern Railway (USA) class Ss
United States | 1917
80 produced
No. 5046 with Duplex tender
No. 5046 with Duplex tender
Fallen Flags collection

In North Carolina, the Southern Railway operated the famous Saluda Grade with an incline that had an average of more than four percent for several miles. For use both as main locomotive and as helper on this grade and on the Old Fort Loops, the Southern turned to the 2-10-2 wheel arrangement in World War I. So they ordered 55 class Ss locomotives from Baldwin, which were delivered in 1917 and 1918 and were numbered 5000 to 5054. In general layout, these were equipped with 57 inch drivers, cylinders of 28 by 32 inches and a duplex stoker.

But for use on those heavy grades, they got some special equipment. This included taller water gauges to provide a better readout when the boiler was inclined and a second air pump to account for the heavy brake usage. Additionally, water pipes were provided which could be used to cool down the tires of the drivers. For banking passenger trains, they even got the required cab signals.

To further increase the tractive effort of its helper locomotives, the Southern also made trials with an additional engine under the tender, also called “duplex tenders”. Concerning class Ss, at least No. 5046 also got this arrangement. Here the four-axle tender was swapped for a new one with a 2-6-2 wheel arrangement. It produced additional tractive effort of 18,000 pounds and could be engaged at low speeds when the boiler produced enough steam for both engines.

In 1918, the Southern's subsidiary Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific ordered 25 of the same locomotives from ALCO-Richmond. Since they were too slow for the flat lines they were intended, they were also transferred to the steepest grades. Later all 80 locomotives were operated at 200 instead of 190 psi. They lasted until the end of steam and were scrapped without an exception in 1951 and 1952.

VariantStandardDuplex tender
General
Built1917-1918
ManufacturerBaldwin, ALCO
Axle config2-10-2 (Santa Fé) 2-10-2+2-6-2
Gauge4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge)
Dimensions and Weights
Length84 ft 3 1/2 in
Wheelbase38 ft 8 in
Rigid wheelbase20 ft 7 in
Total wheelbase74 ft 10 in
Service weight370,600 lbs
Adhesive weight294,400 lbs
Total weight546,600 lbs
Axle load60,100 lbs
Water capacity9,000 us gal
Fuel capacity24,000 lbs (coal)coal
Boiler
Grate area88 sq ft88,000 sq ft
Firebox area358.5 sq ft
Tube heating area4,875.5 sq ft
Evaporative heating area5,234 sq ft
Superheater area1,341 sq ft
Total heating area6,575 sq ft
VariantStandardDuplex tender
Power Plant
Driver diameter57 in
Boiler pressure190 psi
Expansion typesimple
Cylinderstwo, 28 x 32 infour, front: 28 x 32 in
rear: 19 x 26 in
Power
Power sourcesteam
Estimated power3,700 hp (2,759 kW)
Optimal speed33 mph17 mph
Starting effort71,083 lbf89,000 lbf
Calculated Values
steam locomotive
freight
powered tender
last changed: 07/2024
Southern Pacific classes F-3 and F-4
United States | 1921
65 produced
No. 3701, probably in Sacramento
No. 3701, probably in Sacramento
collection Taylor Rush

After the class F-1 2-10-2s, the Southern Pacific ordered 15 F-3 in 1921 from Lima. They had larger cylinders, a larger boiler and had a trailing truck booster like their predecessors. Like most SP steam locomotives, they were oil-fired. To improve running characteristics in curves, they got lateral motion boxes on the lead drivers.

Since the SP didn't want to use the name „Santa Fe” for this wheel arrangement and didn't have real Decapod locomotives, they called all their 2-10-2s “Decks” as short form for “Decapods”. In 1922, they ordered 50 very similar locomotives from Baldwin which were designated class F-4 and delivered in a single train.

All 15 F-3 were converted to coal burning in 1924. Between 1940 and 1944, they were converted back to oil burning. Both classes were retired between 1951 and 1958.

General
Built1921-1922
ManufacturerLima, Baldwin
Axle config2-10-2 (Santa Fé) 
Gauge4 ft 8 1/2 in (Standard gauge)
Dimensions and Weights
Wheelbase42 ft 4 in
Rigid wheelbase22 ft 10 in
Total wheelbase82 ft 7 1/2 in
Service weight385,900 lbs
Adhesive weight297,300 lbs
Total weight607,900 lbs
Axle load59,500 lbs
Water capacity12,000 us gal
Fuel capacity4,000 us gal (oil)
Boiler
Grate area82.5 sq ft
Firebox area381 sq ft
Tube heating area4,722 sq ft
Evaporative heating area5,103 sq ft
Superheater area1,329 sq ft
Total heating area6,432 sq ft
Power Plant
Driver diameter63.5 in
Boiler pressure200 psi
Expansion typesimple
Cylinderstwo, 29 1/2 x 32 in
Power
Power sourcesteam
Estimated power3,350 hp (2,498 kW)
Optimal speed29 mph
Starting effort74,554 lbf
Booster10,800 lbf
Calculated Values
steam locomotive
freight
booster
last changed: 06/2024
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