The simplest form of two-axle tank locomotives has only one driven axle either at the front or the rear, while the other axle is just a carrying axle. The following designations exist in the different naming systems:
UIC: 1A t / A1 t
Whyte: 2-2-0T / 0-2-2T
Switzerland: E 1/2
France: 110 T / 011 T
Turkey: 12
The first ever locomotive of this type was “Novelty”, built in 1829 by John Ericsson and John Braithwaite for the Rainhill Trials. It is also being recognized as the first tank locomotive ever. Just a few months later, Peter Cooper built “Tom Thumb” for the Baltimore and Ohio. Although locomotive design quickly moved away from two-axle locomotives due to their inadequate running characteristics at speed and their low power, some were still built in the mid-19th century. So in England, the Eastern Counties Railway and Eastern Union Railway ordered the “Express” in 1847 and the “Ariel's Girdle” in 1851 which were both 2-2-0T tank locomotives. In France, the PLM built three small 2-2-0T Cramptons in 1856. Later only a few were built with a leading two-axle bogie and a rear driving axle, which will be included in this category of the website due to their small number.
They experienced a new heyday from 1880, when inexpensive options were sought for operating low-traffic branch lines. Now, two-axle, uncoupled locomotives were developed again, which could be used cost-effectively with few passenger cars and were partly designed for one-person operation. They usually had their cylinders between the axles for better running characteristics. In German-speaking countries, these were known as omnibus locomotives, and there were also baggage locomotives with a spacious baggage compartment. So multiple locomotives of this type were especially successful in Germany, Austria and Hungary. For trains of more than one or two coaches, there were also light 0-4-0T locomotives.
Around the turn of the century, many railways ordered steam railmotors for the same tasks. Here the most important designs came from Britain. While some had power bogies which were disguised inside the car body, others looked like they were combined from a two-axle tank locomotive and a single-bogie coach whose front end was hooked to the locomotive. These were cheaper to operate than locomotive-hauled trains, but were less flexible to varying passenger numbers since they could haul no or a maximum of one additional coach.
So several British companies introduced push-pull trains even before 1910. These involved a driving trailer that could operate the locomotive's regulator via a mechanical connection or by pressurized air. This also had a brake valve, but the reverser on the locomotive still had to be operated by the fireman in the cab. The driving trailer was often called Autocoach, while the whole combination was an Autotrain. Often the locomotives used for this task were specially fitted 0-4-2T or 0-6-0T, but the LSWR also used the 2-2-0T of the class C14.